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b/Writerside/topics/04/Rechnernetze/01_Internetworking.md @@ -37,11 +37,21 @@ - "Nichterreichbarkeit" von Netzen, Hosts, Routern, Diensten - Kein Client von L3, sondern von IP +#### Internet Protocol V6 +> ![image_736.png](image_736.png) + +##### Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) in IPv6 +![image_737.png](image_737.png) +![image_738.png](image_738.png) +![image_739.png](image_739.png) + #### Internet Protocol V4 - realisiert verbindungslose Kommunikation auf L3 - bietet Hardware-unabhängiges Paketformat - ![image_690.png](image_690.png) +> ![image_735.png](image_735.png) + ##### IPv4 Adressierung ![image_691.png](image_691.png) - Netz @@ -206,4 +216,119 @@ Wenn Host Paket an Zielnetzwerk X sendet: ### Übersicht NAT im globalen Netzwerk -![image_709.png](image_709.png) \ No newline at end of file +![image_709.png](image_709.png) + + +## Address Resolution Protocol ARP +> Übersetzung von IP- in physikalische MAC-Adresse + +### Beispiel: MAC vom Router +#### Step 1: ARP Request +![image_710.png](image_710.png) + +#### Step 2: ARP Response +![image_711.png](image_711.png) + +#### Step 3: Entry in ARP Table +![image_712.png](image_712.png) +- Jeder Punkt im Netzwerk wartet seine eigene ARP-Tabelle + - Layer 2 Protokoll, das auf IP Adressen referenziert, sie aber NICHT nutzt + +### 2. Beispiel ARP Request +![image_713.png](image_713.png) + +### ARP Header +![image_714.png](image_714.png) + + +### ARP-Quiz +- Die ARP-Request Nachricht wird per Postcast verschickt ✓ +- ~~ARP kann zu einer MAC-Adresse eine IP-Adresse vermitteln~~ (Reverse ARP (RARP)) +- Die ARP-Tabelle enthält nur die Adressabbildungen der Systeme im LAN, mit denen kommuniziert wurde ✓ +- ~~Der ARP-Reply wird per Broadcast geschickt~~ (Unicast) +- ARP kann zu einer IP-Adresse eine MAC-Adresse ermitteln ✓ +- Der ARP-Reply wird nur an die anfragende Station geschickt ✓ + +## Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) +- Vereinfachung der Installation und Verwaltung von vernetzten Rechnern +- DHCP integriert weitgehend automatisch einen Rechner in das Internet bzw. Intranet + +### Charakteristika +- Server + - mehrere DHCP-Server können konfiguriert werden + - Koordination z. Zt aber noch nicht standardisiert +- Erneuerung der Konfiguration + - IPs müssen regelmäßig erneut angefordert werden + - vereinfachtes Verfahren +- Optionen + - Verfügbar für: + - Router + - Netzmaske + - NTP (Network Time Protocol)-Timeserver + - SLP (Service-Location Protocol)-Verzeichnis + - DNS (Domain Name System) + +### DHCP Header +![image_724.png](image_724.png) + +| Field | Octets | Description | +|---------|--------|------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| op | 1 | Messagetyp | +| htype | 1 | Typ der Hardware-Adresse | +| hlen | 1 | Länge der Hardware-Adresse | +| hops | 1 | used in case of relay agents. Clients sets them to 0 | +| xid | 4 | Trasaktions-ID, die vom Client und Server für die Session genutzt wird | +| secs | 2 | Zeit [s] seit Client Prozess requested hat | +| flags | 2 | Flags | +| ciaddr | 4 | Client IP | +| yiaddr | 4 | IP, die dem Client vom Server zugewiesen wird | +| siaddr | 4 | Server IP | +| giaddr | 4 | IP Adresse vom [Relay-Agent](#dhcp-relay-agent) | +| chaddr | 16 | Client Hardware-Adresse (MAC) | +| sname | 64 | Server Hostname | +| file | 128 | Boot filename | +| options | var | Additional options | + + + +### Client Server Exchange +![image_715.png](image_715.png) + +### Arbeitsweise von DHCP + +| Fall A | Fall B (`Broadcast Bit = 1`) | +|---------------------------------|---------------------------------| +| ![image_716.png](image_716.png) | ![image_717.png](image_717.png) | + +![image_718.png](image_718.png) + +| **DHCP Discover** | **DHCP Offer** | **DHCP Request** | **DHCP ACK** | _DHCP NACK_ | +|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|:--------------------------------| +| ![image_719.png](image_719.png) | ![image_720.png](image_720.png) | ![image_721.png](image_721.png) | ![image_722.png](image_722.png) | ![image_723.png](image_723.png) | + + +### DHCP Zustandsdiagramm +![image_725.png](image_725.png) + +### DHCP Snooping +![image_726.png](image_726.png) + + +## Domain Name Service (DNS) +- weltweit verteilte Namensdatenbank +- besitzt hierarchische Namensstruktur + - aufgeteilt in nicht überlappende Zonen + - ![image_730.png](image_730.png) + - ![image_731.png](image_731.png) +- bildet Namen auf Informationen (bspw. IP-Adressen) ab + - www.ieee.org → 199.172.136.40 + - Vorteil: Information/Adresse, auf die abgebildet wird, kann sich ändern + +### DNS Levels +![image_732.png](image_732.png) + +### DNS Funktionsweise +![image_733.png](image_733.png) +![image_734.png](image_734.png) + +